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Brooke works part-time as a waitress in a restaurant. For groups of 7 or more customers, the customer is charged 15% of the bill for Brooke's services. For parties of less than 7, the tips are voluntary. Brooke received $11,000 from the groups of 7 or more and $7,000 in voluntary tips from all other customers. Using the customary 15% rate, her voluntary tips would have been only $6,000. Brooke must include $18,000 ($11,000 + $7,000) in gross income.
Edward Tolman
An American psychologist known for his contributions to cognitive psychology and the theory of latent learning, which suggests that learning can occur without immediate reinforcement and can be manifested later when needed.
Spatially Deficient
Generally refers to a lack of ability or inefficiency in understanding spatial relationships.
Conditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through association with a primary reinforcer, thereby able to modify behavior.
Primary Reinforcer
A naturally reinforcing stimulus like food or water that satisfies a basic biological need and does not require learning to become pleasurable.
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