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Two-Sided P-Value
The probability of observing an effect at least as extreme as the test statistic, considering both tails of the distribution in a two-sided test.
Identical Distributions
A statistical scenario where two or more probability distributions are the same across all outcomes, implying equal behavior and properties.
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
A nonparametric statistical test that compares two independent samples to assess whether their population mean ranks differ.
Observed Value
The actual value that is measured during an experiment or calculated from a dataset, as opposed to a theoretical expectation.
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