After Treating Cells with a Mutagen, You Isolate Two Mutants $\text { The Genetic Code }$

question 9

Essay

After treating cells with a mutagen, you isolate two mutants.One carries alanine and the other carries methionine at a site in the protein that normally contains valine.After treating these two mutants again with mutagen, you isolate mutants from each that now carry threonine at the site of the original valine (see Figure 7-67).Assuming that all mutations caused by the mutagen are due to single nucleotide changes, deduce the codons that are used for valine, alanine, methionine, and threonine at the affected site.
Figure 7-67 $\text { The Genetic Code }$
$\begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|}\hline & \text { U } & \text { C } & \text { A } & \text { G } \\\hline &\text { UUU Phe (F) } & \text { UCU Ser (S) } & \text { UAU Tyr (Y) } & \text { UGU Cys (C) } \\&\text { UUC - } & \text { UCC - } & \text { UAC - } & \text { UGC - } \\ \text { U } &\text { UUA Leu (L) } & \text { UCA -- } & \text { UAA Stop } & \text { UGA Stop } \\&\text { UUG - } & \text { UCG - } & \text { UAG Stop } & \text { UGG Trp (W) } \\\hline &\text { CUU Leu (L) } & \text { CCU Pro (P) } & \text { CAU His (H) } & \text { CGU Arg (R) } \\&\text { CUC - } & \text { CCC - } & \text { CAC - } & \text { CGC - } \\ \text { C}&\text { CUA - } & \text { CCA - } & \text { CAA Gin (Q) } & \text { CGA - } \\&\text { CUG }- & \text { CCG }- & \text { CAG }- & \text { CGG }- \\\hline &\text { AUU Ile (I) } & \text { ACU Thr (T) } & \text { AAU Asn (N) } & \text { AGU Ser (S) } \\&\text { AUC - } & \text { ACC - } & \text { AAC - } & \text { AGC - } \\ \text { A}&\text { AUA - } & \text { ACA - } & \text { AAA Lys (K) } & \text { AGA Arg (R) } \\&\text { AUG Met (M) } & \text { ACG - } & \text { AAG - } & \text { AGG - } \\\hline &\text { GUU Val (V) } & \text { GCU Ala (A) } & \text { GAU Asp (D) } & \text { GGU Gly (G) } \\&\text { GUC - } & \text { GCC - } & \text { GAC - } & \text { GGC - } \\ \text { G}&\text { GUA - } & \text { GCA - } & \text { GAA Glu (E) } & \text { GGA - } \\&\text { GUG - } & \text { GCG - } & \text { GAG - } & \text { GGG - } \\\hline\end{array}$
Table 7-29

Understand the concept of errorless discrimination training and its applications.

Identify the interchangeability of Pavlovian occasion setters with discriminative stimuli.

Comprehend the process and stages of discrimination learning.

Analyze the role of excitatory and inhibitory processes in discrimination learning and generalization gradients.

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