The Respiratory Chain Is Relatively Inaccessible in the Experimental Manipulation

question 68

Essay

The respiratory chain is relatively inaccessible in the experimental manipulation of intact mitochondria.After disrupting mitochondria with ultrasound, however, it is possible to isolate functional submitochondrial particles, which consist of broken cristae that have resealed inside-out into small, closed vesicles.In these vesicles, the components that originally faced the matrix are now exposed to the surrounding medium.
A.How might such an arrangement aid in the study of electron transport and ATP synthesis?
B.Consider an anaerobic preparation of such submitochondrial particles.If a small amount of oxygen is added, do you predict that the preparation will consume oxygen in respiration reactions? Will the medium outside the particles become more acidic or more basic? What, if anything, will change if the flow of protons through ATP synthase is blocked by an inhibitor? Explain your answer.

Explain the effect of government policies on saving, investment, and interest rates.

Distinguish between saving and investment in macroeconomics.

Analyze the impact of budget deficits and government spending on the loanable funds market.

Understand the roles of saving and investment incentives in economic policy.

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Definitions:

Civil Penalties

Financial charges imposed by a governmental authority for violations of various legal requirements or regulations.

Clean Air Act

A significant United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.

Mobile Sources

Objects or devices that emit pollutants and are capable of moving, such as cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes.

Environmental Impact Statement

A document that outlines the significant effects on the environment of a proposed federal agency action.