Read the Following Scenario and Answer the Question Below

question 26

Multiple Choice

Read the following scenario and answer the question below.
The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain -building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. However, the biodiversity of the southernmost mountains has more connection to that of Central America, while the biodiversity of the Rockies shares more affinity with temperate North American species. Still, much of the forest vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the ʺSky Islandsʺ because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, often drier, areas surrounding them. With global climate change producing increasingly visible effects, conservation biologists fear that these mountaintop ecosystems will undergo major changes in temperature and humidity and that the many endemic species that live there may literally have no place to go.
-There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that _____________.

• A) these birds migrate to the United States in the winter because it is warmer here
• B) these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in the United States as well as in the mountain ranges
• C) these birds have higher genetic diversity in the U.S. populations than in the populations in Central America
• D) more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada
• E) more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Colorado than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the same

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Definitions:

Electric Shock

A sudden discharge of electricity through a part of the body, often used as a form of aversive conditioning in psychological experiments.

Spanking

A form of punishment that involves hitting the buttocks of another person to cause physical pain.

Conditioned

In behavioral psychology, refers to responses or behaviors that have been learned or acquired through conditioning, which involves associating a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.

Positive Reinforcer

A desirable stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated when it is presented following that behavior.