Which of the Following Is TRUE

question 66

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is TRUE?

• A)An example of an unbiased estimate is the variance of a sample; a typical biased estimate is the researcher's initial expectation prior to sampling.
• B)There is only one biased estimate (i.e., the researcher's expected findings); there are several unbiased estimates.
• C)A biased estimate is preferred to an unbiased estimate when the population is not normally distributed.
• D)A sample's variance is a biased estimate of the population's variance, but a slight change in the variance formula gives an unbiased estimate.

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Definitions:

Cognitive Maps

Mental representations of physical locations, helping an individual to navigate and understand spatial environments.

Conditioning Theories

Theories in psychology that explain the learning of associations through classical and operant conditioning, involving stimuli and responses.

Learned Without Reinforcement

Acquiring knowledge or skills without the need for a reward or punishment to motivate learning.

Observational Learning

A learning process in which individuals change their behaviors or acquire new knowledge by watching others, not by direct experience.