Why Do Studies Using Difference Scores Tend to Have Larger

question 108

Multiple Choice

Why do studies using difference scores tend to have larger effect sizes than studies using other research designs?

• A)There is a long-standing procedural bias in psychology to set up studies involving dependent means in such a way as to artificially favor large effect sizes.
• B)The standard deviation of difference scores is usually low.
• C)Because participants provide their own baseline, variance becomes a wildcard, causing the effect size to increase.
• D)Because studies with dependent means usually use a large number of participants, larger effect sizes are easily detected.

---

Definitions:

Sales

The total amount of revenue generated by a company through the sale of goods or services before any costs or expenses are deducted.

Operating Cash Flow

The cash generated from a company's regular business operations, indicating whether a company is able to generate sufficient positive cash flow to maintain and grow its operations.

Cash Flow

The aggregated sum of money being circulated in and out of a firm, importantly influencing its liquid financial resources.

Creditors

Entities or individuals that lend money or extend credit to others, expecting repayment in the future.