The Redshift Controversy: the Early Debate on Whether or Not

question 84

Essay

The Redshift Controversy: The early debate on whether or not quasar redshifts were correctly interpreted by Hubble's Law (to indicate that quasars lay at enormous distances)is an excellent example of how a scientific debate was (reasonably)quickly settled by appeals to the observational evidence. Outline all of the observational evidence that quasars are indeed associated with the nuclei of distant galaxies and, therefore, their redshifts can be correctly interpreted using Hubble's Law.

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Definitions:

Closes the Anal Opening

This term likely refers to the sphincter ani externus muscle, which controls the opening and closing of the anus.

External Anal Sphincter

A muscle that controls the expulsion of feces from the anal canal.

External Urethral Sphincter

A muscle that controls the outflow of urine from the bladder and allows voluntary control over urination.

Pubococcygeus

A muscle of the pelvic floor that stretches from the pubic bone to the coccyx, playing a role in urinary control and sexual function.