A P Value Is the Mathematical Probability That a Relationship

question 14

Multiple Choice

A p value is the mathematical probability that a relationship between variables within a research sample could have been produced by:

• A) unethical research methods.
• B) sampling error.
• C) sampling bias.
• D) some other variable or variables.

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Definitions:

Advantages And Disadvantages

The positive and negative aspects associated with a particular choice, decision, or situation.

Feedback

Information provided about actions or behaviors, intended to guide future improvements or adjustments.

One-Way Model

A communication model where information flows in only one direction, from sender to receiver, without feedback.

Circular Model

A communication model that emphasizes feedback, indicating that communication is a continuous and dynamic process.