Many Inactivated Vaccines Contain an Adjuvant, a Substance That Enhances

question 59

Multiple Choice

Many inactivated vaccines contain an adjuvant, a substance that enhances the immune response to antigens. An adjuvant that uses a derivative of lipid A has recently been developed. Would lipid A work well as an adjuvant?

• A) Yes. Lipid A alerts the immune system to the presence of Gram-negative bacteria. It would similarly alert the immune system to the components of a vaccine if used as an adjuvant in the vaccine.
• B) Yes. Lipid A alerts the immune system to the presence of Gram-positive bacteria. It would likely also alert the immune system to the components of a vaccine if used as an adjuvant in the vaccine.
• C) Yes. Lipid A alerts the immune system to the presence of Gram-negative AND Gram-positive bacteria. It would similarly alert the immune system to the components of a vaccine if used as an adjuvant in the vaccine.
• D) No. Lipid A is actually unlikely to be successful as an adjuvant because it always causes an intense inflammatory reaction in a host, resulting in extensive tissue damage.
• E) No. Lipid A is actually unlikely to be successful as an adjuvant because even minimal amounts of this molecule causes endotoxic shock in a person, usually resulting in death.

Explain the reversal of sexual dimorphism roles in certain species and its relation to sexual selection theory.

Understand the various strategies involved in mate guarding and its exceptions.

Understand the concepts of genetic diversity, genetic bottleneck, artificial selection, and genetic drift.

Recognize the gene-environment interactions and their role in evolutionary adaptations.

---

Definitions:

Marginal Product

Marginal product is the addition to total output produced by using one more unit of a specific input, holding all other inputs constant.

Marginal Revenue

The change in total revenue generated by an additional unit of output.

Marginal Cost

The growth in aggregate costs linked to creating an extra unit of a product or service.

Pastry Chef

A professional cook specializing in the creation of desserts, pastries, breads, and other baked goods.