A Cell Infected by Viruses May Die Due to the Actions

question 1

Multiple Choice

A cell infected by viruses may die due to the actions of interferons. The same result would occur WITHOUT interferon-any cell infected by a virus would die directly from the virus. Is there any apparent benefit to the host organism from the interferon action?

• A) No; interferon is just an evolutionary leftover from a much earlier form of antiviral activity. It has no function now. Virus infections are always treated with medications.
• B) Yes; when the interferon acts on a virally infected cell, it shuts down virus replication. Without interferon, the virus will eventually kill the cell, but only after it has replicated many times. IFNs may kill the host cell, but they will also prevent it from being used to replicate virus.
• C) Yes; by killing host cells, the number of cells that are available targets for viral infection is limited. This is a good way of preventing viral infection.
• D) No; viruses will replicate in cells regardless of the effects of interferons, so their action of killing the cell has no benefit to the host organism during the infection process.
• E) Yes; IFN is needed to activate complement which stimulates otherwise phagocytes in the host so that they recognize and destroy not only the virus but also any infected cells. Without complement, all phagocytes are inert.

Understand how central banks' operations, such as open market operations, impact the banking system's reserves and the overall money supply.

Identify and explain the effects of adjusting the reserve requirement ratio on the banking system's ability to create money.

Analyze the role of the discount rate in central bank policy and its influence on commercial banks' borrowing habits.

Differentiate between the components of the money supply, including M1 and M2, and understand which components are included or excluded.

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