As Darwin Was Working on His Notes and the Theory

question 7

Multiple Choice

As Darwin was working on his notes and the theory of evolution, his thoughts about how evolutionary change could occur were influenced by a concept he had read in an essay written in 1798 by ________.

• A) Alfred Wallace.
• B) Norman Borlaug.
• C) Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
• D) Malthus.
• E) Theophrastus.

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Definitions:

Primary Reinforcers

Innate reinforcing qualities, such as food or water, that satisfy biological needs.

Superstitious Behaviour

Actions linked to beliefs in supernatural causality, where one event causes another without any natural process linking the two events, often influenced by cultural or personal significance.

Partial Reinforcement

A type of learning in which a behavior is reinforced only a portion of the time it occurs, known to increase resistance to extinction.

Non-Contingent Reinforcement

A form of reinforcement where rewards are given at fixed or variable intervals independent of the recipient's behavior.