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In general, for any two countries, there are many exchange rates that will lead to gains from trade, based on comparative advantage.
Pollution
The occurrence or release of harmful or toxic materials into the environment.
External Costs
Costs that are not borne by the parties to a transaction but are imposed on others, such as pollution affecting non-participants.
Output
The amount of goods or services produced by a company, industry, or economy in a given period.
Marginal Social Benefit
The additional benefit to society from one more unit of a good or service being produced and consumed.
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