Pine Communities Are Eventually Replaced by Oak-Hickory Communities After About

question 14

Multiple Choice

Pine communities are eventually replaced by oak-hickory communities after about 150 years of old field succession on the Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina because

• A) mature pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight.
• B) juvenile pines are susceptible to a fungal disease called pine blight.
• C) juvenile pines cannot grow in the low pH soil that results as pine litter decomposes.
• D) juvenile pines cannot grow in the shade of mature pines.
• E) mature pines require an association with mycorrhizal fungi which are excluded from this area by low pH soils.

---

Definitions:

Residual Income

A measure of the income that exceeds the minimum required return on a company's investments or operations.

Divisional Income

The earnings generated by a specific division or segment of a larger company, used for evaluating the division's financial performance.

Minimum Acceptable

The lowest level or standard that will be considered satisfactory or acceptable.

Profit Margin

A financial metric indicating the percentage of revenue that remains as profit after all expenses are deducted.