Part of Determining the Drake Factor R* Is Determining What

question 19

Multiple Choice

Part of determining the Drake factor R* is determining what is a "Sunlike star," a star around which a habitable planet could orbit. What is the thinking concerning low-mass stars, that is, stars with masses less than about half a solar mass? (These are stars cooler than M0 type main-sequence stars.)

• A) Low-mass stars are highly desirable here because they tend to live longer and allow more time for life to develop and form a civilization.
• B) Planets would have to orbit relatively close to low-mass stars in order to be warm enough to be in the habitable zone. But they are still acceptable as Sunlike stars.
• C) Planets would have to orbit relatively close to low-mass stars in order to be warm enough to be in the habitable zone. But this means they will be tidally locked into synchronous rotation, with one very hot side and one very cold side- not an acceptable situation.
• D) Photosynthesis, the main energy-production mechanism in green plants on Earth, works best with shorter wavelengths of light. These low-mass red stars tend to produce less of these shorter wavelengths and thus could not support efficient photosynthesis.

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Institutional Racism

Discriminatory practices, policies, and norms existing within and perpetuated by societal institutions, disadvantaging certain racial groups.

Systemic Racism

Systemic racism involves policies and practices entrenched in established institutions, which result in the exclusion or promotion of designated groups based on race.

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Individuals of Sikh faith who serve in official capacities or positions of authority within organizations, often noted in the context of military or police service.

Racism

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.