The Galactic Habitable Zone Is Sometimes Defined as a Torus

question 17

Multiple Choice

The galactic habitable zone is sometimes defined as a torus around the galactic center with an outer radius of 10 kpc and an inner radius of 4 kpc. The volume of such a torus is roughly 5600 (kly) ³. Adopting the text's value of N = 100 technologically advanced civilizations in the Galaxy, then, on the average, each volume of 56 (kly) ³ within the galactic habitable zone is occupied by one such civilization. Also adopting the value L = 500 years as the technological lifetime of such a civilization (the time over which they have been sending out radio signals at the speed of light) , then through what volume of space would these signals have spread? What are the chances of two civilizations being within the same signal volume?

• A) The volume of signals is 0.01 (kly)³, so the chances of two civilizations being within the same signal volume are very small.
• B) The volume of signals is 0.5 (kly)³, so the chances of two civilizations being within the same signal volume are very small.
• C) The volume of signals is 50 (kly)³, so the chances of two civilizations being within the same signal volume are reasonably good.
• D) The volume of signals is 500 (kly)³, so the chances of two civilizations being within the same signal volume are very great.

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Is the process of acquiring the basic skills needed to function in society during childhood. Primary socialization usually takes place in a family.

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An educational institution where children and young people receive formal education through a structured curriculum.

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The process by which one's sense of social values, beliefs, and norms are re-engineered, often in a new social environment.