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In What Type of Binary System Can the Two Stars

question 45

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In what type of binary system can the two stars share the same outer atmosphere?


Definitions:

Nonparametric Test

A type of statistical test that does not assume a specific distribution for the data, often used when data doesn't meet the assumptions required for parametric tests.

Normally Distributed

Describes a probability distribution that is symmetrical around its mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than data far from the mean.

Abnormally Distributed

Indicative of a probability distribution that does not follow a normal distribution pattern, potentially skewed or featuring heavy tails.

Un-standardized Test Statistic

A test statistic that has not been converted to a standard form, representing raw effect sizes or differences observed in data.

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