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The star Alderamin has an apparent magnitude of 2.4 and an absolute magnitude of 1.4. The star Merak has an apparent magnitude of 2.4 and absolute magnitude of 0.5. Assuming that neither star has been dimmed by interstellar clouds, one can say for sure that Merak is
Internal Validity
The characteristic of a study that allows us to conclude that the manipulation of the independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable.
Independent Variable
The variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the researcher to examine its impact on the dependent variable.
Dependent Variable
In research, the variable being tested and measured, expected to change as a result of manipulations to the independent variable.
Between-subject
A research design where different subjects are assigned to distinct groups, with each group experiencing a different condition or treatment.
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