In What Way Did Optical Illusion Mislead Earlier Visual Observers

question 113

Multiple Choice

In what way did optical illusion mislead earlier visual observers of Mars?

• A) Chance alignments of faint dark features looked like manufactured canals, and variable dark areas near the equator were interpreted as vegetation.
• B) Moving areas of obscured detail on the planet were interpreted as massive flash floods rather than dust storms.
• C) Apparent movement of surface features due to seeing fluctuations of images when viewed through Earth's atmosphere were interpreted as evidence of movement of life-forms, or Martians.
• D) Volcano structures were seen as eye-shaped images and were interpreted as having been made by intelligent beings to indicate their presence on Mars.

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Definitions:

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior, emphasizing the effects of consequences on behavior.

Conditioned Stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.

Conditioned Response

A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus, obtained through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus.

Biologically Primed

The concept that certain behaviors or responses are innately predisposed due to evolutionary history.