What Is Not a Purpose of Upward Communication

question 12

Multiple Choice

What is not a purpose of upward communication?

• A)Managers at higher levels are informed about relevant activities and outcomes at lower levels.
• B)Managers at higher levels are informed about unsolved work problems.
• C)Managers at higher levels are informed about suggestions for improvements.
• D)Managers at higher levels are informed about how subordinates feel about their jobs.
• E)Lower-level and mid-level management obtain insider information from informal top management networks.

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Definitions:

Utility Function

A mathematical representation in economics that defines the level of satisfaction or utility an individual receives from different bundles of goods and services.

Expected Return

The average of the probability distribution of possible returns for an investment, symbolizing its anticipated profitability.

Standard Deviation

A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.

Mean-Variance Criterion

An investment principle where portfolios are selected based on their expected returns (mean) and the variability of those returns (variance), aiming to optimize the trade-off between risk and return.