(Figure: Determining Surplus) In the graph, the formula for consumer surplus is 0.5 × (i - j) × (k - i). 
Definitions:
Pay Inequities
Situations where there is an unfair or unequal distribution of pay among employees, often due to discrimination based on gender, race, or other factors.
Annual Payroll
The total amount of money paid to employees by a business over the course of a year, including wages, salaries, bonuses, and deductions.
Job Evaluation
A systematic method for determining the relative worth of a job in relation to other jobs within an organization.
Pay Grade Categories
Divisions or levels in a pay scale that determine the salary range for different positions within an organization.
Q46: An effective price ceiling occurs at a
Q71: (Figure: Determining Surplus 4) In the graph,
Q77: A trough in the business cycle usually
Q98: When interest rates on short-term bonds exceed
Q119: Depreciation is included in the GDP.
Q140: _ refers to the goods and services
Q186: (Figure: Determining Surplus 5) According to the
Q224: (Figure: Interpreting Supply Shifts 3) When the
Q240: As a country's economy grows and real
Q267: Nonprice factors that affect demand include income,