Higgins's (1989) Self-Discrepancy Theory Suggests That We Each Have an "Actual

question 131

Multiple Choice

Higgins's (1989) self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self." According to Higgins, discrepancies between the ____ self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of ____.

• A) ought; frustration
• B) ought; shame
• C) ideal; superiority
• D) ideal; hostility

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Definitions:

Inductive Reasoning

A method of reasoning in which specific observations or measurements are used to make general conclusions.

Normative Economics

A branch of economics that expresses value judgments about economic fairness or what the outcome of the economy or goals of public policy should be.

Economic Reasoning

The process of making decisions based on costs, benefits, and incentives in an effort to maximize benefits while minimizing costs.

Empirical Economics

The branch of economics that focuses on using data and statistical methods to test hypotheses and build economic theories.