Which of These Is a Mathematical Expression of the Residual

question 4

Multiple Choice

Which of these is a mathematical expression of the residual sum of squares?
(I) (II) (III)

• A) I only
• B) I and II only
• C) I and III only
• D) I, II and III

---

Definitions:

Primary Reinforcers

Innate reinforcing qualities like food, water, or rest that do not need to be learned because they are naturally satisfying.

Fixed-interval Schedule

A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed.

Discriminative Stimulus

A stimulus in the environment that signals the availability of reinforcement or punishment, guiding behavior based on its presence or absence.

Respondent Behavior

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a certain stimulus, often without conscious intent.