Examlex
Which of the following scenarios would be most likely to produce a gene tree that is discordant with a species tree?
Third Variable Problem
A challenge in research where an unmeasured, external factor causes the correlation between two variables, complicating causal interpretations.
Directionality Problem
In research, the issue of not knowing whether variable A causes variable B or vice versa.
Correlational Studies
Correlational studies are research methods that examine the relationship between two or more variables to determine if a statistically significant association exists, without inferring cause and effect.
Correlation
A statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together, without necessarily implying causation.
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