If Sphericity Is Not Assumed, What Needs to Be Adjusted

question 20

Multiple Choice

If sphericity is not assumed, what needs to be adjusted to account for the violation and what impact does it have on the F-ratio?

• A) The degrees of freedom need to be adjusted, which makes the F-ratio more conservative to protect against Type I error
• B) The degrees of freedom need to be adjusted, which makes the F-ratio more liberal to protect against Type II error
• C) The mean sum of squares needs to be adjusted, which makes the F-ratio more conservative to protect against Type I error
• D) The mean sum of squares needs to be adjusted, which makes the F-ratio more liberal to protect against Type II error

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Definitions:

Standard Deviation

A measure of variability that describes how scores vary around the mean. In all normal curves the percentage of scores between standard deviation units are the same; hence, the standard deviation combined with the mean can tell us a great deal about a set of test scores.

Percentile Score

A score indicating the percentage of scores in a distribution that a specific score is equal to or higher than.

Specific Area

A distinct part or section within a larger field or space, often designated for a particular purpose or characterized by a unique attribute.

Basic Codes

Fundamental principles or systems of rules that guide behavior and actions within specific disciplines or professions.