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The Hotelling-Lawley trace is?
Residual Equity
Residual Equity represents the amount of equity that remains for the common shareholders after all liabilities and preferential stock claims have been settled.
Assets
Assets are possessions of an individual or a business that hold value and can yield benefits in the future.
Liabilities
Financial obligations or debts that a company owes to outside parties, which must be paid back in the future.
Liabilities
Financial obligations or debts that an entity owes to others, which need to be settled over time via the transfer of economic benefits.
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