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What procedure does an investigator use to produce classical conditioning?
P(x < a)
This notation represents the probability that a random variable x is less than some value a.
Random Variable
A variable whose values depend on outcomes of a random phenomenon.
P(x < a)
This denotes the probability that the random variable X takes on a value less than a specific value a.
P(x = a)
The probability of a random variable x taking on a specific value a.
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