A Ruby Laser Delivers a 2

question 58

Multiple Choice

A ruby laser delivers a 2.28-J pulse in approximately 50 nanoseconds. The wavelength of the light is 694.4 nm. At least how many atoms within the ruby rod had to be excited to allow this high-energy laser pulse? (h = 6.63 *10^-34 J.s, c = 3.00* 10⁸ m/s, 1 eV = 1.6 *10^-19 J, and 1 nm = 10^-9 m)

• A) 3 * 10¹⁹
• B) 4 * 10¹⁸
• C) 8 *10¹⁸
• D) 6 * 10²⁰

Explain the importance and mechanisms of binocular fusion in vision.

Identify optical illusions and understand their underlying principles.

Describe the role of convergence in depth perception and its limitations.

Understand the structure and functional divisions of the nervous system.

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Definitions:

Nirvana

In Buddhism, a transcendent state free from suffering and the cycle of rebirth and death, representing the ultimate spiritual goal.

Karma Yoga

A spiritual path in Hinduism emphasizing selfless action performed for the benefit of others as a way to spiritual liberation.

Detachment

Lack of willfulness or emotional concern. Detachment through ascetic denial (or, failing that, aesthetic contemplation) was proposed by the great pessimist Arthur Schopenhauer as a method of responding to the fact that life is filled with frustration due to our incessant irrational desires. Schopenhauer’s answer is similar to that of the ancient philosophy called Stoicism, which also teaches that most of our passions are irrational and are best ignored through the detachment and commitment to reason.

Golden Rule

A moral principle that suggests treating others as one would like to be treated themselves.