If a US Occurs Just as Often Without the Tone

question 3

Multiple Choice

If a US occurs just as often without the tone as it does in the presence of the tone, then little or no conditioning will accrue to the tone. This would suggest that animals are sensitive to _____ of the potential CS and the US.

• A) causality
• B) contingency
• C) cue-outcome
• D) frequency

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Definitions:

Expected Value

The weighted average of all possible values of a random variable, considering the probabilities of each outcome.

Natural Log

The logarithm to the base e, where e is an irrational constant approximately equal to 2.71828, often used in mathematics, physics, and engineering.

Risk Averter

An individual who prefers outcomes that are certain over those with any level of risk, usually willing to accept lower returns to avoid uncertainty.

Expected Value

A calculated average outcome of a random variable, considering all possible outcomes and their probabilities.