Five-Year-Old Julian Has Learned That Loud Thunder Usually Follows a Bolt

question 102

Multiple Choice

Five-year-old Julian has learned that loud thunder usually follows a bolt of lightning. As soon as he sees lightning, he covers his ears to avoid the loud thunder. According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, covering his ears is reinforced because:

• A) it stops him from seeing the lighting.
• B) he starts to believe there will not be any thunder.
• C) it removes the fear that has become associated with the thunder.
• D) it removes the fear that has become associated with the lighting.

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Definitions:

Economic Profits

The extra amount businesses earn after subtracting all of their costs, including opportunity costs.

Long Run

A period in which all factors of production and costs are variable, allowing for all adjustments to be made within a market or economy.

Monopolistic Competition

A market structure characterized by many firms selling products that are similar but not identical, allowing for competition based on quality, brand, and price.

Deadweight Loss

A loss of economic efficiency that can occur when the free market equilibrium for a good or a service is not achieved, leading to a loss of total societal welfare.