[Solved] If your \(\chi_{o b t}^{2}\)= 53.01 and N = 25, what is C? Population: The defined group of individuals from which a sample is drawn. Null Hypothesis: A hypothesis that states there is no statistical significance between the two variables being studied, essentially stating that any observed effect is due to chance. Independent Variable: The variable in an experimental setting that is manipulated to observe its effect on a dependent variable. Random Error: Variability in data that arises from unpredictable fluctuations in the measurement process.