In Correlational Studies,it Is Always Possible That an Unmeasured Factor

question 93

Multiple Choice

In correlational studies,it is always possible that an unmeasured factor is responsible for the relationship observed.This complication is known as

• A) observer bias.
• B) researcher bias.
• C) the directionality problem.
• D) the third variable problem.

---

Definitions:

Preoperational

A stage in Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development where children from about 2 to 7 years old engage in symbolic play but lack operations (logical rules) for consistent reasoning.

Concrete Operational

A stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development where children (ages 7-11) can think logically about concrete events.

Formal-Operational

Formal-operational stage is a phase in Piaget's theory of cognitive development when individuals gain the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically.

Intuitive Stage

A stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, occurring roughly between the ages of 4 and 7, where children start using intuition and perception but lack logical reasoning.