As Views of Substance Dependence Have Changed Based on Scientific

question 48

Multiple Choice

As views of substance dependence have changed based on scientific research, what is now believed to be the real driving force behind repeated excessive drug use?

• A) Psychological dependence, based on reinforcement.
• B) Physical dependence, caused by tolerance.
• C) An allergic reaction to the substance.
• D) Unmet psychological needs in early childhood.

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Definitions:

Genetic Factors

Elements of an organism's genetic makeup that influence its characteristics, traits, and susceptibility to certain conditions or diseases.

Environmental Factors

External elements, including social, geographical, and climatic factors, that affect individuals and their behavior.

Twin Studies

Research that analyzes the similarities and differences between twins to understand the roles of genetics and environment in human development.

Adoption Studies

Research studies that compare adopted children to their biological and adoptive families to understand the influence of genetic versus environmental factors on development.