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In the proton-proton chain, pictured in the figure below, what happens to the emitted gamma rays?
Independent Variables
Variables in an experiment or model that are manipulated or categorized to determine their effect on dependent variables.
Determination
Generally refers to the process of firm decision-making or the resolving of a problem; in statistics, it may refer to the coefficient of determination.
SSR
Sum of Squared Residuals; a measure of the discrepancy between the data and an estimation model.
F Statistic
The F statistic is a value derived from an ANOVA test used to determine whether the means of several groups are equal by comparing the variance between groups to the variance within groups.
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