A Problem with Cross-Sectional Data Is That

question 95

Multiple Choice

A problem with cross-sectional data is that:

• A) The data cannot be collected on more than one variable
• B) Independent variables cannot be differentiated from dependent variables because there is no theory
• C) It is harder to establish cause and effect, because the data are not collected over time
• D) There is differential attrition

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Definitions:

Avoidance Motivation

A type of behavior aimed at avoiding negative outcomes, failures, or punishments, as opposed to seeking positive outcomes.

Hierarchy Of Needs

A motivational theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow, depicting a five-tier model of human needs, from basic (physiological) to higher-order (self-actualization) needs.

Sequential

Occurring or following in a logical order or sequence.

Motives

Internal processes that energize, direct, and sustain behavior towards fulfilling a need or achieving a goal.