When the Researcher Is Unable to Provide Clear Evidence That

question 109

Multiple Choice

When the researcher is unable to provide clear evidence that the independent variable preceded the effect, we have the threat to internal validity known as:

• A) Ambiguous temporal precedence
• B) Proper time order
• C) Improper causal precedence
• D) Linear temporal precedence

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Definitions:

Mental Rotation

The cognitive ability to rotate mental representations of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects.

Analogical Processes

Refers to the cognitive ability to draw similarities and make comparisons between different situations, objects, or concepts based on shared attributes or relationships.

Mental Representations

Contents in the mind that stand for some object, event, or state of affairs.

Propositions

Statements or assertions that express judgments or opinions.