When the Researcher Is Unable to Provide Clear Evidence That

question 109

Multiple Choice

When the researcher is unable to provide clear evidence that the independent variable preceded the effect, we have the threat to internal validity known as:

• A) Ambiguous temporal precedence
• B) Proper time order
• C) Improper causal precedence
• D) Linear temporal precedence

---

Definitions:

Long-Run Equilibrium

A state in a market where supply equals demand, all firms are earning normal profits, and no firm has an incentive to change its output or price.

Profit-Maximizing Level

The profit-maximizing level is the point at which a firm achieves the highest possible profit, determined by analyzing costs and revenue to find the most efficient production volume.

Demand Schedule

A graphical representation that illustrates how much of an item or service consumers are ready and financially able to acquire at assorted price points.

Monopolistically Competitive

A market structure characterized by many sellers offering differentiated products, leading to competition based on product quality, price, and marketing.