RESEARCH STUDY 10

question 27

Essay

RESEARCH STUDY 10.3: Dr.Phillips is a cognitive-developmental psychologist who studies how children learn mathematical principles.His current interest is in studying how children learn multiplication.He recruits 54 second-graders who have not yet learned how to multiply numbers to participate in his study.He is curious as to whether different teaching styles lead to better mastery of the subject.One condition (A) involves having students read a chapter on multiplication from their textbook.One condition (B) involves having students watch a video of cartoon characters explaining multiplication.One condition (C) involves having students being taught multiplication by a teacher.One condition (D) involves having students being taught multiplication by a fourth-grader.In all conditions, participants spend 30 minutes learning the fundamentals of multiplication and are then given the same 15-question multiplication test.The number of questions answered correctly is recorded.The data are below. Based on the results of his study, Dr.Phillips hopes to make a causal statement.Explain how his study does or does not meet the three rules of causation.

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Definitions:

Transfer Payments

Payments made by governments to individuals without any expectation of a direct economic return, such as welfare benefits, social security, and subsidies.

Low Incomes

Earnings that fall below a specified threshold that varies by location and adjusts over time, often linked to poverty levels.

Incidence of Poverty

The proportion or rate at which individuals or households fall below the poverty line, indicating the level of poverty in a given area.

Women

Refers to adult human females, but context is required for a more precise definition related to societal, cultural, or scientific aspects.