The Powers That Party Leaders Exercise ______

question 68

Multiple Choice

The powers that party leaders exercise ______.

• A) have grown stronger in recent years since Congress decided to resume using earmarks
• B) must be voted on at the start of each Congress so every member knows the rules
• C) mainly take the form of favors that the leaders may grant or withhold, which can be substantial
• D) are absolute because they can demand members vote for the party or face expulsion

Understand the mechanisms of mate choice and the influence of female preferences on male traits.

Recognize the concept of cryptic female choice and its role in post-mating sexual selection.

Grasp the significance of male-male competition and its various forms in determining reproductive success.

Understand the principles of parental investment and its impact on sexual selection.

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Definitions:

Average Total Cost

The total cost divided by the quantity of output produced, representing the cost per unit of output.

Marginal Cost

The outgoings associated with the production of one more unit of a product or service.

Average Variable Cost

The total variable costs divided by the quantity of output produced; it varies with the level of output.

Long-Run Average Total Cost Curve

A graphical representation showing the relationship between output and average total cost when fixed cost has been chosen to minimize average total cost for each level of output.