The Sodium Level Inside and Outside of a Resting Cell

question 14

Multiple Choice

The sodium level inside and outside of a resting cell is an example of the

• A) kinetic energy of sodium rushing out of a cell down its concentration gradient.
• B) kinetic energy of the large difference in sodium concentration on the inside versus the outside of the cell.
• C) potential energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside the cell.
• D) potential energy of an electron transport chain, because sodium has an extra electron to donate.
• E) conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy, because sodium can never move across the cell membrane and must move across its surface.

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Definitions:

Fundamental Power Frequency

The primary frequency at which an electrical system is designed to operate, typically 50 or 60 Hz in most regions.

Harmonics

Oscillations at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency in an electrical signal, often considered unwanted distortions.

True-RMS Ammeter

An instrument that accurately measures the current in a circuit by calculating the root mean square of the waveform, suitable for both AC and non-sinusoidal conditions.

Harmonic Distortion

A distortion that occurs in a signal when there are frequencies in the output that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, affecting the signal's waveform.