Mike Davis's (1990)study of Los Angeles Noted a Conscious Hardening

question 71

Multiple Choice

Mike Davis's (1990) study of Los Angeles noted a conscious hardening of the city surface against the poor.Of the following,the one that is NOT an example of this is the:

• A) growth of homeless shelters in the downtown area
• B) presence of gated communities that keep the poor out
• C) installation of barrel-shaped or short benches at bus stops so people cannot sleep on them
• D) presence of super malls or strip malls that take up space that was formerly considered public
• E) limited access to public spaces, such as bathrooms

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Definitions:

Income Taxes

Taxes imposed by governments on the income generated by businesses and individuals within their jurisdiction.

Income Tax Expense

The total amount of income tax a company is obligated to pay to the government, reported as an expense in the income statement.

Income Tax Rate

The percentage at which an individual or corporation is taxed on their income, which can vary based on income level, jurisdiction, and other factors.

After-Tax Discount Rate

A discount rate that has been adjusted for the effect of taxes, utilized in evaluating the net present value (NPV) of an investment after taxes.