What Term Is Used to Describe a Retrograde Flow of Urine

question 18

Multiple Choice

What term is used to describe a retrograde flow of urine from the urinary bladder into the ureters that is the cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) ?

• A) Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
• B) Vesicourethral reflux
• C) Vesicoureteral influx
• D) Hydronephrosis

---

Definitions:

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter and hormone involved in the body's fight or flight response, affecting attention, heart rate, and other physiological functions.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter in the brain and body that is involved in many functions, including muscle movement and memory.

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness, also playing roles in sleep, digestion, and mood regulation.

Social-cognitive Perspective

A psychological approach emphasizing the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences, and cognitive processes in behavior.