Bone Fractures Are a Risk Factor in Chronic Renal Failure

question 3

Multiple Choice

Bone fractures are a risk factor in chronic renal failure because:

• A) calcium is lost in the urine.
• B) osteoblast activity is excessive.
• C) the kidneys fail to activate vitamin D.
• D) autoantibodies to calcium molecules develop.

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Definitions:

Entropy

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system, often related to the number of available states a system can occupy.

% Conversion

The percentage indicating how much of the reactants have been transformed into products in a chemical reaction.

ΔG°

The change in standard Gibbs free energy during a chemical reaction, indicating spontaneity at standard conditions.

Enthalpy

A thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume.