Even When There Is No Empirical Evidence of a Policy's

question 19

Multiple Choice

Even when there is no empirical evidence of a policy's effectiveness, it can be defended:

• A) On theoretical grounds.
• B) Based on professional wisdom.
• C) On moral grounds.
• D) All of these choices.

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Definitions:

Overconfidence

The condition of being excessively confident or assured in one’s ability, correctness, or reliability, often without sufficient reason.

Framing Effect

A cognitive bias where people react differently to a choice depending on how it is presented, or "framed," especially as a loss or gain.

Belief Perseverance

The psychological phenomenon where individuals maintain their convictions even when confronted with contrary evidence, showcasing the difficulty of changing deeply held beliefs.

Framing Effect

The cognitive bias where people's decisions are influenced by the way information is presented, rather than just the information itself.