For Which of the Following Empirical Questions Would a Within-Subjects

question 35

Multiple Choice

For which of the following empirical questions would a within-subjects design be preferred?

• A)Who learns mazes more quickly, male or female rats?
• B)Do participants give harsher jail sentences to unattractive defendants?
• C)Is the Ponzo illusion stronger for those raised in a Western, industrialized cultures?
• D)Is the Ponzo illusion stronger with the parallel lines horizontal or vertical?

---

Definitions:

Open System

An open system is a system that regularly exchanges feedback with its external environment. Open systems are adaptive in nature because they react to changes in the environment.

Organizational Internal

Refers to processes, practices, or issues that occur within an organization, as opposed to external or outward-facing ones.

Subsystems

Smaller, component systems that operate within a larger system, each serving a specific function contributing to the overall functionality.

Single-Loop Learning

A process where organizations make adjustments based on mistakes or errors but do not question the underlying policies or objectives.