Political Elites in the Old Land-Based Empires of Russia and the Ottomans

question 116

Multiple Choice

Political elites in the old land-based empires of Russia and the Ottomans were torn between reform and

• A)war.
• B)revolution.
• C)expansionist needs.
• D)alliances with major Western powers.
• E)continuity.

---

Definitions:

Reversibility

The cognitive ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and then returned back to their original condition.

Nonstage Theory

A theory suggesting that development or cognition does not progress through fixed stages, but rather continuously.

Heuristics

Simple, efficient rules, learned or hard-wired by evolutionary processes, that help in making decisions, forming judgments, or solving problems.

Structural

Pertaining to the physical or logical arrangement of a system's parts.