According to Arnold Toynbeeʹs Challenge and Response Theory of Social

question 30

Multiple Choice

According to Arnold Toynbeeʹs challenge and response theory of social change, civilization arises out of

• A) responses to the natural environment.
• B) successful responses to the challenges of the environment.
• C) changes in the environmental life cycle.
• D) strong leadership and appropriate technology.

---

Definitions:

Span of Control

The number of subordinates a manager or leader can effectively manage or control directly.

Chain of Command

The formal line of authority and communication in an organization, showing how orders are passed from top-level management to every level of personnel in the hierarchy.

Unity of Command

A principle in organizational management stating that each employee should receive orders from, and report to, only one superior to avoid confusion and conflict.

Preset Sequences

are predetermined arrangements or patterns of actions, steps, or instructions designed to achieve a specific outcome or execute a procedure.