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Suppose a researcher is interested in examining the effects of sex of participant, sex of confederate, and self-esteem of participant (high, low) on the participants' reactions to negative feedback. Which of the following is NOT an independent variable?
Message Success
The degree to which the intended message of a communication has been understood and accepted by its audience.
Frames of Reference
The experiences, ideas, values, and information that an individual uses to interpret and understand messages.
Miscommunication
A failure to communicate effectively, leading to misunderstandings or confusion.
Organizational Culture
The values, behaviors, and beliefs that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of a business or organization.
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