Questions Refer to Table 12-4 SOURCE TABLE -Refer to Table 12-4

question 189

Multiple Choice

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect) .
Table 12-4
TABLE OF MEANS:

$\begin{array}{c}\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\\\begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \\ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \\ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \\ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \\ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$

SOURCE TABLE


$\begin{array}{lcccccc}\text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \\\text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \\\quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \\\quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \\& & & & & \\\text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \\\quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \\\text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\\\\\text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29\end{array}$
-Refer to Table 12-4. What is the dependent variable in this study?

• A) time that positive affect was assessed (before the experiment, after the experiment)
• B) confederate demeanor
• C) positive affect score
• D) ethnicity of experimenter

---

Definitions:

Random Assignment

A method used in experiments to place participants into groups in a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, ensuring unbiased distribution.

Naturalistic Observation

A research method where subjects are observed in their natural environment without any manipulation by the observer.

Case Study

An in-depth investigation or analysis of an individual, group, or event to explore causation in order to find underlying principles.

Experiment

A scientific procedure conducted to test a hypothesis, determine cause-and-effect relationships, or discover new information through controlled variables and observations.