Questions Refer to Table 11-2 ONEWAY ANOVA: SMOKING by AGE (CORR SAMP)

question 95

Multiple Choice

Questions refer to Table 11-2. In this study, 10 children completed a survey regarding their impressions of smokers at age 8 and then again at age 10 and 12. Scores could range from 1 (extreme negative impression of smokers) to 20 (extreme positive impression of smokers) .

Table 11-2
$\begin{array} { c c c c c } \text { GROUP } & \mathrm { N } & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \\ 1 \text { (AGE 8) } & 10 & 9.70 & 5.89 & 1.86 \\ 2 \text { (AGE 10) } & 10 & 10.40 & 5.58 & 1.76 \\ 3 \text { (AGE 12) } & 10 & 11.80 & 5.94 & 1.88 \end{array}$


ONEWAY ANOVA: SMOKING by AGE (CORR SAMP)


$\begin{array} { l c c c r r } & \text { SUM OF } & \text { MEAN } & & \\ \text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \\ \text { AGE } & 22.87 & 2 & 11.43 & 6.76 & .006 \\\text { SUBJECTS } & 879.63 & 9 & 97.74 & 34.71 & .000 \\\text { WITHIN CELLS } & 30.47 & 18 & 1.69 & & \\\text { TOTAL } & 932.97 & 29 & & & \end{array}$


POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings
$\begin{array} { l l l } \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } \\ \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } \\ \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{array}$


$\begin{array}{ll}\text { Mean } & \mathrm{AGE}\\9.70 & \text { Grp } 1 \\10.40 & \text { Grp 2 } \\11.80 & \text { Grp } 3\end{array}$
-Consult Table 11-2. The SUBJECTS effect is significant, which means that

• A) the independent variable had a significant effect on the dependent variable.
• B) the dependent variable had a significant effect on the independent variable.
• C) there were significant differences among the responses of the different children.
• D) there were significant differences in the responses of 8-year-olds versus 10-year-olds versus 12-year-olds.

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Definitions:

Traditional Moral Theories

The foundational ethical frameworks that have shaped philosophical discourse on morality, including utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.

Community Morality

The shared ethical beliefs and values that guide behavior within a specific community, influencing its members' decisions and actions.

Kohlberg's Theory

The psychological theory developed by Lawrence Kohlberg that suggests moral reasoning progresses through a series of developmental stages.

Personal Relationships

Interpersonal affiliations or associations formed between two or more individuals based on affection, trust, cooperation, or other social bonds.